Despite increasing reliance on advanced security technologies such as Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR), Web Application Firewalls (WAF), and automated vulnerability scanners, organisations remain susceptible to a critical and often overlooked category of weaknesses: business logic vulnerabilities (BLVs). These vulnerabilities exploit flaws in application workflows and design assumptions, rather than technical bugs or misconfigurations.

Automated tools are inherently ill-suited to detect such flaws, as they lack the capacity to interpret intent, contextual misuse, or deviations in logical workflows that still appear valid to machines. This paper examines the nature of business logic vulnerabilities, their real-world impact, and why human-led penetration testing remains indispensable in identifying and mitigating them.